Investigating the physical activity, health, wellbeing, social and environmental effects of a new urban greenway: a natural experiment (the PARC study)

Table 2 The difference in mean outcome between baseline and follow-up (intervention sample only)

	Baseline		Follow-up		Unadjusted^a		Adjusted^b
	n	mean (SD)	n	mean (SD)	Difference in mean (95% CI)	p	Difference in mean (95% CI)	p
Proportion meeting UK physical activity guidelines % (n/N)	1037	68% (703/1037)	968	61% (592/968)	0.75 (0.62,0.90)^c	0.002	0.65 (0.52,0.82) ^c	< 0.001
Minutes of total physical activity per day	1037	89.9 (125.8)	968	72.6 (102.7)	−16.5 (−26.5,-6.5)	0.001	−16.0 (− 26.0,-6.0)	0.002
Minutes of physical activity excluding work per day	1037	44.2 (55.1)	968	39.8 (50.3)	−4.5 (−9.1,0.1)	0.058	−6.0 (−10.6,-1.3)	0.012
Minutes of work physical activity per day	1037	45.7 (104.2)	968	32.8 (81.7)	−12.1 (−20.3,-3.9)	0.004	−10.4 (− 18.7,-2.0)	0.015
Mental wellbeing (WEMWBS)^d	1035	50.6 (8.7)	968	51.2 (9.4)	0.6 (− 0.2,1.3)	0.166	− 0.3 (−1.0,0.4)	0.438
Quality of life (EQ5D)^e	1037	73.3 (20.1)	968	63.2 (30.9)	−10.0 (− 12.2,-7.8)	< 0.001	−11.1 (− 13.2,-9.0)	< 0.001
Social capital^fa,b
Local area trust	1032	3.4 (0.5)	968	3.5 (0.5)	0.1 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001	0.1 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001
Social networks	1037	4.0 (0.6)	968	3.9 (0.6)	−0.1 (− 0.2,− 0.1)	< 0.001	-0.1 (− 0.1,-0.0)	0.001
Perception of environment^g
Attractive	1037	3.6 (0.8)	960	3.9 (0.6)	0.3 (0.2,0.3)	< 0.001	0.3 (0.2,0.3)	< 0.001
Traffic	1037	2.7 (0.7)	946	2.9 (0.6)	0.2 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001
Amenities	1037	3.8 (0.6)	877	3.8 (0.6)	0.0 (−0.0,0.1)	0.111	0.1 (0.0,0.1)	0.04
Safety	1037	3.5 (0.8)	921	3.7 (0.7)	0.2 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	< 0.001

CI Confidence intervals, EQ5D EuroQol 5 dimensions, SD Standard deviation, WEMWBS Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale
^aMultilevel model with super output area as random intercept in unadjusted and adjusted models
^bAdjusted for age, gender, season, education (degree, A-level, GCSE, apprenticeship, none), car ownership (none,1 or more in household), deprivation (quintiles), marital status (married, single, divorced or widowed or separated), accommodation (owner, mortgage, rented/other), limiting long term illness (yes/no), general health (fitted as a trend across 6 categories: excellent to very poor), employed(yes, no) and weekly household income (<£230, £231 to £580, >£581)
^cOdds ratio calculated using multilevel logistic regression model with super output area as random intercept. Adjusted models contain same variables as in ^b
^d Scale 14–70 with higher scores indicating greater mental wellbeing
^e Scale 0–100 with higher scores indicating better health
^fa 1 = very big problem to 4 = not a problem at all; ^fb 1 = never and 4 = most days
^g 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

ISSN: 1479-5868