Investigating the physical activity, health, wellbeing, social and environmental effects of a new urban greenway: a natural experiment (the PARC study)

Hunter, Ruth F.; Adlakha, Deepti; Cardwell, Christopher; Cupples, Margaret E.; Donnelly, Michael; Ellis, Geraint; Gough, Aisling; Hutchinson, George; Kearney, Therese; Longo, Alberto; Prior, Lindsay; McAneney, Helen; Ferguson, Sara; Johnston, Brian; Stevenson, Michael; Kee, Frank; Tully, Mark A.

doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01213-9

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 4 The difference in mean outcome between baseline and follow-up (intervention sample) based upon distance to the greenway

From: Investigating the physical activity, health, wellbeing, social and environmental effects of a new urban greenway: a natural experiment (the PARC study)

		Baseline		Follow-up		Unadjusted^a		Adjusted^b		p for interaction
		n	mean (SD)	N	mean (SD)	Difference in mean (95% CI)	p	Difference in mean (95% CI)	p	p for interaction
Proportion meeting UK physical activity guidelines: % (n/total)	0-400 m	254	70% (178/254)	201	65% (130/201)	0.77 (0.52,1.15)^c	0.21	0.60 (0.35,1.00)^c	0.051	0.676
	400-800 m	270	64% (174/270)	236	59% (139/236)	0.82 (0.56,1.19)^c	0.294	0.85 (0.52,1.37)^c	0.497
	800–1200 m	231	70% (162/231)	197	61% (121/197)	0.65 (0.43,0.99)^c	0.043	0.51 (0.30,0.86)^c	0.012
	1200 m+	269	67% (181/269)	332	60% (200/332)	0.72 (0.51,1.02)^c	0.061	0.64 (0.41,0.99)^c	0.044
Minutes of total physical activity per day	0-400 m	254	101.7 (148.9)	201	81.2 (104.5)	−20.5 (−44.7,3.8)	0.098	−17.2 (−39.4,5.0)	0.129	0.739
	400-800 m	270	91.1 (123.2)	236	74.7 (114.1)	−15.7 (−36.5,5.0)	0.138	−14.4 (−34.9,6.0)	0.167
	800–1200 m	231	94.8 (132.2)	197	74.8 (97.5)	−24.3 (−46.4,-2.1)	0.032	− 17.8 (− 40.2,4.6)	0.119
	1200 m+	269	75.4 (97.1)	332	64.4 (95.9)	−11.2 (−26.7,4.2)	0.154	−11.2 (−27.3,5.0)	0.176
Minutes of total physical activity (excluding work mins) per day	0-400 m	254	47.4 (50.9)	201	37.9 (50.0)	−9.5 (−18.8,-0.2)	0.046	−10.4 (− 19.4,-1.4)	0.024	0.403
	400-800 m	270	41.3 (55.1)	236	38.6 (51.0)	−2.3 (−11.6,7.0)	0.63	−4.1 (−13.2,5.0)	0.378
	800–1200 m	231	47.3 (62.1)	197	42.6 (46.1)	−4.8 (−15.3,5.7)	0.366	−6.0 (−16.6,4.6)	0.27
	1200 m+	269	42.0 (53.2)	332	39.9 (52.4)	−2.5 (−10.9,6.0)	0.569	−2.9 (−11.6,5.8)	0.515
Mental wellbeing (WEMWBS)^d	0-400 m	254	50.4 (8.8)	201	52.6 (9.5)	2.2 (0.5,3.9)	0.011	0.6 (−0.9,2.1)	0.447	0.09
	400-800 m	270	50.1 (9.0)	236	50.3 (8.7)	0.2 (−1.3,1.8)	0.779	−0.3 (− 1.7,1.0)	0.619
	800–1200 m	230	50.4 (9.2)	197	50.5 (10.0)	0.1 (−1.7,1.9)	0.903	0.2 (−1.3,1.8)	0.781
	1200 m+	268	51.6 (7.9)	332	51.3 (9.2)	−0.5 (−1.9,0.8)	0.445	−0.7 (−2.0,0.5)	0.239
Quality of life (EQ5D)^e	0-400 m	254	71.9 (20.5)	201	63.2 (31.6)	−8.6 (−13.4,-3.8)	< 0.001	−11.4 (− 15.7,-7.1)	< 0.001	0.910
	400-800 m	270	72.2 (21.6)	236	61.3 (31.0)	−9.5 (−14.1,-5.0)	< 0.001	−10.7 (− 14.9,-6.6)	< 0.001
	800–1200 m	231	74.0 (19.1)	197	61.9 (31.4)	−12.0 (− 16.9,-7.2)	< 0.001	−12.3 (− 16.8,-7.7)	< 0.001
	1200 m+	269	75.2 (18.5)	332	65.7 (29.8)	−10.8 (− 14.7,-6.9)	< 0.001	− 10.7 (− 14.5,-6.8)	< 0.001
Social capital^fa,b
Local area trust	0-400 m	254	3.4 (0.6)	201	3.5 (0.5)	0.1 (0.0,0.2)	0.004	0.1 (0.1,0.2)	0.002
	400-800 m	268	3.4 (0.5)	236	3.5 (0.5)	0.1 (−0.0,0.1)	0.26	0.1 (−0.0,0.1)	0.215
	800–1200 m	228	3.5 (0.6)	197	3.5 (0.6)	0.0 (−0.1,0.1)	0.701	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.081	0.164
	1200 m+	269	3.5 (0.5)	332	3.7 (0.4)	0.2 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.2)	< 0.001
Social networks	0-400 m	254	4.0 (0.6)	201	3.9 (0.7)	−0.1 (−0.2,0.0)	0.058	−0.1 (− 0.2,0.0)	0.095
	400-800 m	270	4.0 (0.6)	236	3.9 (0.7)	−0.1 (− 0.2,0.0)	0.121	− 0.0 (− 0.2,0.1)	0.422
	800–1200 m	231	3.9 (0.6)	197	3.9 (0.6)	−0.0 (− 0.1,0.1)	0.681	− 0.0 (− 0.1,0.1)	0.95	0.10
	1200 m+	269	4.0 (0.5)	332	3.8 (0.7)	−0.2 (− 0.3,-0.1)	< 0.001	− 0.2 (− 0.3,− 0.1)	0.001
Perception of environment^g
Attractive	0-400 m	254	3.5 (0.8)	199	3.9 (0.6)	0.3 (0.2,0.4)	< 0.001	0.3 (0.2,0.5)	< 0.001	0.0007
	400-800 m	270	3.4 (0.8)	233	3.8 (0.6)	0.4 (0.3,0.5)	< 0.001	0.4 (0.3,0.5)	< 0.001
	800–1200 m	231	3.6 (0.8)	196	3.8 (0.6)	0.2 (0.1,0.4)	< 0.001	0.3 (0.2,0.5)	< 0.001
	1200 m+	269	3.8 (0.7)	330	3.9 (0.6)	0.1 (0.0,0.2)	0.034	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.132
Traffic	0-400 m	254	2.7 (0.7)	195	2.9 (0.7)	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.4)	< 0.001	0.596
	400-800 m	270	2.7 (0.7)	228	2.9 (0.6)	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	< 0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	0.004
	800–1200 m	231	2.8 (0.7)	195	2.9 (0.6)	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.111	0.1 (0.0,0.3)	0.034
	1200 m+	269	2.8 (0.7)	326	2.9 (0.6)	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.051	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.109
Amenities	0-400 m	254	3.8 (0.6)	188	3.9 (0.6)	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.176	0.1 (−0.0,0.2)	0.244	0.0001
	400-800 m	270	3.8 (0.6)	206	3.9 (0.6)	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	< 0.001
	800–1200 m	231	3.7 (0.6)	178	3.8 (0.5)	0.0 (−0.1,0.2)	0.423	0.1 (− 0.0,0.2)	0.108
	1200 m+	269	3.9 (0.5)	303	3.8 (0.6)	−0.1 (− 0.2,-0.0)	0.011	-0.1 (− 0.2,-0.0)	0.005
Safety	0-400 m	254	3.4 (0.8)	192	3.6 (0.7)	0.2 (0.0,0.3)	0.018	0.2 (0.0,0.3)	0.015	0.910
	400-800 m	270	3.5 (0.8)	219	3.7 (0.7)	0.1 (0.0,0.3)	0.044	0.2 (0.0,0.3)	0.012
	800–1200 m	231	3.5 (0.9)	185	3.6 (0.8)	0.1 (−0.0,0.3)	0.091	0.3 (0.1,0.4)	0.002
	1200 m+	269	3.6 (0.8)	323	3.8 (0.7)	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	0.001	0.2 (0.1,0.3)	0.001

CI Confidence intervals, EQ5D EuroQol 5 dimensions, SD Standard deviation, WEMWBS Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale
^aMultilevel model with super output area as random intercept in unadjusted and adjusted models
^bAdjusted for age, gender, season, education (degree, A-level, GCSE, apprenticeship, none), car ownership (none,1 or more in household), deprivation (quintiles), marital status (married, single, divorced or widowed or separated), accommodation (owner, mortgage, rented/other), limiting long term illness (yes/no), general health (fitted as a trend across 6 categories: excellent to very poor), employed(yes, no) and weekly household income (<£230, £231 to £580, >£581)
^cOdds ratio calculated using multilevel logistic regression model with super output area as random intercept. Adjusted models contain same variables as in ^b
^d Scale 14–70 with higher scores indicating greater mental wellbeing
^e Scale 0–100 with higher scores indicating better health
^fa 1 = very big problem to 4 = not a problem at all; ^fb 1 = never and 4 = most days
^g 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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