Clinical and patient-centered implementation outcomes of mHealth interventions for type 2 diabetes in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review

Table 4 Summary of Study Effects Size for HbA1c (%)

Study	mHealth Mode of delivery	Control							Intervention
		Study Duration (Months)		Pre-intervention		Post-intervention				Pre-intervention				Post-intervention	Effect Size
		Study Duration (Months)	n	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-value	n	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	% Pre-Post Intervention Difference	Cohen’s d	Hedge’s g
Anzaldo et al. [49]¹	Mobile App	10	100	10.90	2.02	10.60	3.29	0.01	201	11.29	2.28	8.46	3.31	2.83	0.64	0.64
Chao et al. [46]	Mobile App	18	48	8.95	2.34	7.82	1.87	0.03	49	8.44	2.28	6.92	1.27	1.52	0.58	0.58
Dong et al. [47]	MPTMs, Int	12	59	9.23	2.13	8.35	1.75	0.05	60	9.55	2.38	6.63	1.17	2.92	1.16	1.16
Goodarzi et al. [51]	MPTMs, Uni	3	38	7.91	1.24	7.02	1.02	0.24	43	7.83	1.12	7.48	1.26	0.36	0.40	0.40
Huo et al. [53]	MPTMs Int	6	251	6.90	1.40	6.70	1.30	0.00	251	7.10	1.40	7.20	1.50	0.10	0.36	0.36
Li at al [56].	Mobile App	3	41	7.50	1.80	6.80	1.33	0.43	44	7.20	1.8	6.65	1.08	0.55	0.12	0.12
Peimani et al. [63]¹	MPTMs, Uni	3	50	7.41	1.40	7.16	1.31	0.19	50	7.52	1.49	7.55	1.44	0.90	0.28	0.28
Pichayapinyo et al. [64]	MPCs	3	35	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	0.50²	NR
Shahid et al. [68]	MPCs	6	220	9.85	1.37	9.36	1.15	0.001	220	10.09	1.71	8.63	1.29	1.46	0.15	0.15
Sun et al. [70]	Mobile APPs WPMDs	6	44	7.84	0.73	6.84	0.76	0.46	47	7.88	0.64	7.22	0.87	0.66	0.47	0.46
Wang et al. [71]	Mobile App	6	60	8.68	2.26	7.92	2.15	0.886	60	8.62	2.33	7.12	2.01	1.50	0.38	0.38
Zhou et al. [73]	Mobile App	3	50	9.86	2.38	7.91	1.58	0.01	50	9.76	2.51	8.97	2.08	0.79	0.57	0.57

¹Combined means and SD Study had two intervention arms; ² Reported effect size, interquartile range IQR; ³NR: Not reported; WPMDs: Wearable or portable monitoring devices; MCPs: Mobile phone calls (MPCs), MPTMs : mobile phone text messages; Uni: Unidirectional; Int: Interactive

ISSN: 1479-5868