Longitudinal associations between infant movement behaviours and development

Table 4 Longitudinal associations between average movement behaviours across the three time points and milestone age outcomes

	Independent sitting (n = 229)		Crawling (n = 230)		Assisted standing (n = 233)		Assisted walking (n = 233)		Independent standing (n = 231)		Independent walking (n = 244)
	B (95%CI)	P value	B (95%CI)	P value	B (95%CI)	P value	B (95%CI)	P value	B (95%CI)	P value	B (95%CI)	P value
Tummy time (10 min/day)	−0.74 (− 1.42,-0.06)	0.034	−3.32 (− 4.40,-2.24)	< 0.001	− 2.18 (− 3.32,-1.04)	< 0.001	− 2.58 (− 3.83,-1.33)	< 0.001	− 3.22 (− 4.58,-1.86)	< 0.001	−3.41 (− 4.85,-1.98)	< 0.001
Back time (10 min/day)	0.16 (− 0.20,0.52)	0.390	0.25 (− 0.36,0.85)	0.425	0.86 (0.24,1.47)	0.006	0.74 (0.02,1.46)	0.043	0.55 (−0.23,1.32)	0.169	0.82 (0.01,1.62)	0.046
Restrained time (10 min/day)	0.14 (−0.27,0.55)	0.504	0.25 (−0.42,0.92)	0.466	0.51 (−0.15,1.17)	0.132	0.89 (0.11,1.66)	0.025	0.10 (−0.74,0.95)	0.809	0.46 (−0.43,1.34)	0.314
Screen time (10 min/day)	−0.80 (− 1.75,0.15)	0.097	− 0.90 (−2.48,0.68)	0.262	−1.12 (− 2.63,0.39)	0.147	− 1.10 (− 2.88,0.69)	0.228	− 1.82 (−3.80,0.16)	0.072	− 0.77 (− 2.88,1.33)	0.472
Reading time (10 min/day)	0.04 (− 1.80,1.89)	0.962	− 0.01 (− 2.83,2.85)	0.995	0.74 (− 1.98,3.46)	0.594	− 0.87 (− 4.04,2.30)	0.537	0.38 (− 3.22,4.00)	0.835	− 1.09 (−4.95,2.78)	0.582
Sleep time (hour/day)	0.28 (− 1.74,2.30)	0.784	0.81 (− 2.51,4.14)	0.632	1.10 (− 1.97,4.16)	0.484	1.88 (− 1.79,5.55)	0.316	2.28 (− 1.92,6.48)	0.288	2.54 (− 1.67,6.75)	0.236

Bold fonts indicate p < 0.05
Results are pooled for all imputation data sets. Covariates (Baseline: infant sex, infant race/ethnicity, number of siblings, parental age, parental marital status, parental education, parental country of birth; Average across time points: non-parental care time) were included in all models. Mean imputation was performed for missing parental age at baseline (n = 1)
Abbreviations: B Unstandardized beta coefficient, CI Confidence interval

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