Table 4 Internal consistency and structural validity of sleep questionnaires, including methodological quality, result rating and quality of evidence

Children’s Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS) [51]

n = 543

Age = 4.9 ± 2.0 years (range 2–8)

Sex = unknown

Very good

Cronbach’s α for the total scale was 0 .89. Cronbach’s α for the subscales were: Going to Bed (α = 0.88), Falling Asleep (α = 0.83), Maintaining Sleep (α = 0.81), Reinitiating Sleep (α = 0.81), and Returning to Wakefulness (α = 0.91)

+ High

Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Chinese version (CSHQ) [40]

n = 2816

Age = 4.82 ± 1.06 years

Sex = 46.9% girls

Very good

Cronbach’s α for the total scale was 0.72.

Cronbach’s α for the subscales were: Sleep duration (α = 0.46), Sleep disordered breathing (α = 0.54), Sleep anxiety (α = 0.57); Parasomnias (α = 0.58, and Daytime sleepiness (α = 0.63)

– High

Adequate

EFA: model was adjusted to acceptable eight-factor structure;

CFA: comparative fit index = 0.91, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.90, and standardized root mean residual = 0.03

+Moderate

Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Infant version (CSHQ-I) [39]

n = 299

Age = 2–12 months

Sex = 46.8% girls

Very good

Cronbach’s α for the total scale was 0.78.

Cronbach’s α for the subscales were: Bed-time Resistance (α = 0.77), Sleep Anxiety (α = 0.66), Positive Sleep Habits (α = 0.58), and Daytime Sleepiness (α = 0.52)

– High

Adequate

EFA: after removing items with factor loadings < 0.30, 33 items remained

+Moderate