Table 2 Finalised linear mixed models (LMM) of food spatial memory performance across cultures

Model 1: Best-fitting LMM^c

 Intercept

442.98

292.27 – 593.69

 < .001*

-

-

 Caloric Density (High – Low)

-99.23

-197.19—-1.28

.047*

0.06

0.0004 – 0.16

 Taste (Sweet – Savoury)

-5.32

-22.58 – 11.95

.546

-

-

 Ethnicity

-

-

.041*

0.16

0.02 – 0.63

  Caucasian—Black

-135.70

-222.10—-49.30

.003*

-

-

  Black—Asian

191.45

66.31 – 316.59

.003*

-

-

  Black—Latino

168.86

13.50 – 324.21

.034*

-

-

 Caloric Density*Education

-

-

.083

-

-

  Low*Education

-21.18

-43.16 – 0.80

.059

-

-

Model 2: Best-fitting LMM with exploratory covariates (i.e. BMI, Healthy Eating Goals, and Encoding Time)^c

 Intercept

244.44

-10.97 – 499.86

.103

-

-

 Caloric Density (High – Low)

-102.22

-201.09—-3.33

.043*

0.06

0.001 – 0.17

 Taste (Sweet – Savoury)

-4.52

-22.01 – 12.96

.612

-

-

 Ethnicity

-

-

.047*

0.17

0.007 – 0.65

  Caucasian—Black

-116.19

-197.69—-34.69

.006*

-

-

  Black—Asian

166.22

49.04 – 283.41

.006*

-

-

  Black—Latino

196.05

49.71 – 342.39

.010*

-

-

 Caloric Density*Education

-

-

.128

-

-

 BMI

5.12

1.02 – 9.21

.015*

0.09

0.01 – 0.23

 Healthy Eating Goals

2.80

-17.08 – 22.68

.779

-

-

 Encoding Time

-0.003

-0.01—-0.001

.001*

0.02

0.01 – 0.05

Japan

Model 1: Best-fitting LMM (with and without exploratory covariates BMI, Healthy Eating Goals, and Encoding Time)^c

 Intercept

387.73

314.22 – 461.23

 < .001*

-

-

 Caloric Density (High – Low)

-69.85

-124.53—-15.17

.161

-

-

 Taste (Sweet – Savoury)

-7.89

-33.22 – 17.43

.251

-

-

 Desirability

-0.59

-1.01—-0.17

.006*

0.05

0.001 – 0.01

 Sex (Males – Females)

70.01

3.28 – 136.75

.040*

0.06

0.002 – 0.17

 Caloric Density*Taste

-

-

.044*

0.003

0.0001 – 0.01

  High-Savoury – Low-Savoury

-40.41

-76.14—-4.68

.025*

-

-

 Caloric Density*Occupation

-

-

.045*

0.09

0.002 – 0.32

 Low-Employed – Low-Unemployed

-90.93

-168.89—-12.96

.023*

-

-

Combined (USA + Japan + Netherlands)

Model 1: Best-fitting LMM ^d

 Intercept

1.83

1.65 – 2.00

 < .001*

-

-

 Country

-

-

 < .001*

0.08

0.09 – 0.22

  USA – Netherlands

0.29

0.19 – 0.39

 < .001*

-

-

  Japan—Netherlands

0.25

0.16 – 0.35

 < .001*

-

-

 Caloric Density (High – Low)

-0.03

-0.06—-0.002

.036*

0.01

0.0003 – 0.02

 Taste (Sweet – Savoury)

0.03

0.01 – 0.05

.009*

0.001

0.0001 – 0.001

 Sex (Males – Females)

0.09

0.03 – 0.16

.007*

0.01

0.002 – 0.03

 Age

0.007

0.005 – 0.01

 < .001*

0.08

0.05 – 0.12

 Education

-0.04

-0.07—-0.21

 < .001*

0.03

0.01 – 0.05

 Desirability

-0.0005

-0.001—-0.0001

.015*

0.001

0.0001 – 0.001

Model 2: Best-fitting LMM with exploratory covariates (i.e. BMI and Task/Encoding Time) ^d

 Intercept

1.68

1.42 – 1.94

 < .001*

-

-

 Country

-

-

 < .001*

0.09

0.1 – 0.23

  USA – Netherlands

0.29

0.19 – 0.39

 < .001*

-

-

  Japan—Netherlands

0.29

0.19 – 0.39

 < .001*

-

-

 Caloric Density (High – Low)

-0.03

-0.06—-0.002

.037*

0.01

0.0002 – 0.02

 Taste (Sweet – Savoury)

0.03

0.007 – 0.05

.009*

0.001

0.0001 – 0.002

 Sex (Males – Females)

0.09

0.02 – 0.15

.012*

0.01

0.001 – 0.03

 Age

0.007

0.005 – 0.01

 < .001*

0.08

0.04 – 0.1

 Education

-0.04

-0.06—-0.02

.001*

0.02

0.01 – 0.05

 Desirability

-0.0005

-0.001—-0.0001

.015*

0.001

0.0001 – 0.001

 BMI

0.005

-0.002 – 0.01

.148

-

-

 Task (Encoding) Time

-3.7 × 10^–6

-5.9—-1.5 × 10^–6

.001*

0.001

0.0002 – 0.002