Table 1 Participant characteristics. Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables

Total n (%)

5,738 (29)

8,202 (42)

5,630 (29)

19,570

Age at FUP2 (y), mean (SD)

63 (8.6)

66 (8.6)

68 (8.4)

66 (8.7)

BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD)

27 (4.5)

27 (4.6)

28 (5.0)

27 (4.7)

TV time (hrs/week), mean (SD)

1.3 (0.49)

2.5 (0.42)

4.4 (1.2)

2.6 (1.5)

Female, n (%)

3,334 (58)

5,033 (61)

3,480 (62)

11,847 (61)

Country of Birth

 Australia/ New Zealand, n (%)

4,304 (75)

6,223 (76)

4,412 (78)

14,939 (76)

 Northern Europe n (%)

397 (7)

633 (8)

363 (7)

1,393 (7)

 Southern Europe n (%)

1,037 (18)

1,346 (16)

855 (15)

3,238 (17)

Education

 Some/ completed primary school, n (%)

652 (11)

905 (11)

688 (13)

2,245 (11)

 Some high school/ technical school, n (%)

1,544 (27)

3,240 (40)

2,837 (51)

7,621 (39)

 Completed high school/ technical school, n (%)

547 (10)

924 (11)

600 (11)

2,071 (11)

 Tertiary/ diploma/ degree, n (%)

2,995 (52)

3,133 (38)

1,505 (27)

7,633 (39)

Socioeconomic Index for Areas of Disadvantage

 1^st Quintile (higher disadvantage), n (%)

699 (12)

1,079 (13)

986 (18)

2,764 (14)

 2^nd Quintile, n (%)

879 (15)

1,347 (16)

1,080 (19)

3,306 (17)

 3^rd Quintile, n (%)

813 (14)

1,220 (15)

868 (15)

2,901 (15)

 4^th Quintile, n (%)

1,194 (21)

1,712 (21)

1,158 (21)

4,064 (21)

 5^th Quintile, n (%)

2,153 (38)

2,844 (35)

1,538 (27)

6,535 (33)

Marital Status

 Married/ De Facto, n (%)

4,363 (76)

6,295 (77)

4,131 (73)

14,789 (76)

 Single, n (%)

545 (10)

644 (8)

446 (8)

1,635 (8)

 Divorced/ Separated, n (%)

611 (11)

751 (9)

573 (10)

1,935 (10)

 Widowed, n (%)

219 (4)

512 (6)

480 (9)

1,211 (6)

Cardiometabolic Comorbidities

 Yes, n (%)

1,011 (18)

1,828 (22)

1,559 (28)

4,398 (23)

Physical activity

 Inactive, n (%)

305 (5)

517 (6)

526 (9)

1,348 (7)

 Insufficiently active, n (%)

1,183 (21)

1,796 (22)

1,423 (25)

4,402 (23)

 Sufficiently active, n (%)

4,250 (74)

5,889 (72)

3,681 (65)

13,820 (71)

Smoking status

 Never, n (%)

3,678 (64)

5,102 (63)

3,391 (60)

12,171 (62)

 Former, n (%)

1,807 (32)

2,705 (33)

1,887 (34)

6,399 (33)

 Current, n (%)

257 (5)

377 (5)

352 (6)

986 (5)

Alcohol intake

 Non-drinker, n (%)

1,590 (28)

2,516 (31)

2,060 (37)

6,166 (32)

 Light/ moderate drinker, n (%)

3,813 (67)

5,201 (63)

3,239 (58)

12,253 (63)

 Heavy drinker, n (%)

335 (6)

485 (6)

331 (6)

1,151 (6)

Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index

 Lower (≤ -1.5), n (%)

2,149 (38)

2,738 (33)

1,611 (29)

6,498 (33)

 Medium (-1.49 to -0.2), n (%)

1,875 (33)

2,758 (34)

1,891 (34)

6,524 (33)

 Higher (≥ -0.2), n (%)

1,714 (30)

2,706 (33)

2,128 (38)

6,548 (34)

Soft drink consumption

 No consumption, n (%)

3,266 (57)

4,493 (55)

2,998 (53)

10,757 (55)

  < 1 glass/ day, n (%)

2,098 (35)

3,014 (37)

2,052 (37)

7,164 (37)

  ≥ 1 glass/ day, n (%)

380 (7)

695 (9)

580 (10)

1,655 (8)