Table 2 Estimates for associations of maternal ultra-processed food intake with maternal weight change

%Energy Intake from Ultra-Processed Foods (z-scored)

During Pregnancy

During Postpartum

OR

p

95% CI

OR

p

95% CI

Gestational Weight Gain

 Model 1

  Inadequate > Adequate

0.88

.461

0.64, 1.23

--

--

--

  Excessive > Adequate

1.33

.033

1.02, 1.73

--

--

--

 Model 2^a

  Inadequate > Adequate

0.88

.451

0.63, 1.23

--

--

--

  Excessive > Adequate

1.31

.045

1.01, 1.70

--

--

--

B±SE

p

95% CI

B±SE

p

95% CI

Gestational Fat Gain (kg)

  Model 1

0.07±0.20

.712

-0.32, 0.46

--

--

--

  Model 2^a,b,c,d

0.32±0.19

.094

-0.05, 0.69

--

--

--

%Gestational Weight Gain Retained

  Model 1

7.68±3.29

.020

1.20, 14.17

-3.81±3.35

.256

-10.41, 2.79

  Model 2^a,c,d

6.66±3.37

.049

0.03, 13.30

-4.33±3.39

.202

-11.00, 2.34

Postpartum Weight Change (kg)

 Model 1

1.19±0.35

<.001

0.50, 1.87

-0.36±0.36

.318

-1.06, 0.35

 Model 2^a,c,d

1.09±0.36

.003

0.38, 1.80

-0.44±0.36

.222

-1.14, 0.27