Prospective relations of maternal reward-related eating, pregnancy ultra-processed food intake and weight indicators, and feeding mode with infant appetitive traits

Table 4 Associations of infant food responsiveness and enjoyment of food with income-poverty ratio, maternal reward-related eating, pregnancy ultra-processed food intake and weight indicators, and feeding mode

	Infant Food Responsiveness			Infant Enjoyment of Food
Maternal Variables	B(SE)	p	ΔR²	B(SE)	p	ΔR²
Step 1			.00			.01
Income-poverty Ratio	0.02(0.07)	.727		-0.12(0.07)	.094
Step 2			.01			.01
Preoccupation with Food	0.09(0.07)	.237		-0.06(0.07)	.374
Reinforcing Value of Food	0.02(0.07)	.833		-0.06(0.07)	.416
Step 3			.02			.01
%Energy Intake from UPF	0.06(0.07)	.398		-0.03(0.07)	.692
Early Pregnancy BMI	0.13(0.08)	.106		0.07(0.08)	.370
Excessive GWG^a	-0.08(0.15)	.602		0.14(0.15)	.353
Step 4			.03			.02
Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration	-0.18(0.07)	.014		0.14(0.07)	.055

Linear regressions were conducted with independent variables entered as follows: Step 1 included household income-poverty ratio, Step 2 added maternal food preoccupation and responsiveness and maternal reinforcing value of food, Step 3 added maternal UPF intake (% of energy intake) during pregnancy, early pregnancy BMI, and GWG, and Step 4 added exclusive breastfeeding duration. ^aDummy coded (0 = Inadequate or adequate, 1 = Excessive). UPF Ultra-Processed Food, BMI Body Mass Index, GWG Gestational Weight Gain

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