Table 3 Odds ratio (95% CI) for positive (left) and negative (right) change in unhealthy lifestyle habits, stress and health among cases in relation to sub-groups

Smoking (n = 637)

 Women vs men

0.63 (0.37–1.07)

4.39 (0.53–36.65)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

1.03 (0.63–1.69)

0.32 (0.08–1.28)

 Secondary school vs college

0.64 (0.33–1.30)

0.52 (0.06–4.19)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event^a

1.21 (0.70–2.11)

1.61 (0.33–7.77)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

2.39 (1.31–4.35)

0.78 (0.17–3.60)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

2.19 (1.12–4.28)

1.70 (0.36–7.65)

Passive commuting (n = 631)

 Women vs men

0.71 (0.42–1.20)

0.65 (0.27–1.59)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.83 (0.52–1.33)

1.14 (0.51–2.59)

 Secondary school vs college

0.71 (0.37–1.36)

0.36 (0.08–1.56)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event ^a

1.43 (0.82–2.49)

1.69 (0.62–4.56)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.18 (0.69–2.00)

2.07 (0.64–6.70)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

0.91 (0.48–1.73)

1.46 (0.43–4.90)

Low exercise level (n = 637)

 Women vs men

0.92 (0.59–1.45)

0.91 (0.50–1.67)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.51 (0.35–0.76)

1.36 (0.79–2.34)

 Secondary school vs college

1.26 (0.78–2.04)

0.72 (0.34–1.52)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event ^a

1.03 (0.67–1.60)

0.97 (0.54–1.74)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.67 (1.06–2.62)

0.51 (0.28–0.93)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.49 (0.88–2.53)

0.61 (0.30–1.23)

Poor diet habits (n = 637)

 Women vs men

3.94 (1.58–9.85)

1.01 (0.25–4.01)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.20 (0.10–0.39)

0.31 (0.08–1.20)

 Secondary school vs college

0.34 (0.12–0.97)

0.37 (0.05–2.97)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event^a

1.15 (0.58–2.24)

0.41 (0.12–1.39)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.81 (0.88–3.74)

0.52 (0.12–2.17)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

2.94 (1.33–6.48)

0.61 (0.12–2.12)

Poor alcohol habits (n = 632)

 Women vs men

1.13 (0.39–3.29)

na (-)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

2.39 (0.88–6.48)

1.89 (0.36–9.96)

 Secondary school vs college

1.81 (0.63–5.26)

0.81 (0.10–6.85)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event^a

0.56 (0.22–1.42)

1.05 (0.20–5.47)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

0.37 (0.11–1.25)

0.76 (0.15–3.84)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.55 (0.55–4.39)

0.69 (0.07–6.79)

Often overall stress (n = 637)

 Women vs men

0.47 (0.26–0.86)

0.73 (0.36–1.50)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.61 (0.35–1.08)

0.51 (0.27–0.98)

 Secondary school vs college

1.23 (0.63–2.40)

2.82 (1.47–5.40)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event ^a

1.43 (0.73–2.78)

0.55 (0.29–1.04)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.65 (0.88–3.10)

1.65 (0.84–3.23)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

0.88 (0.40–1.93)

0.41 (0.13–1.26)

Poor overall health (n = 637)

 Women vs men

1.40 (0.50–3.91)

0.66 (0.31–1.43)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.73 (0.32–1.70)

0.64 (0.32–1.31)

 Secondary school vs college

0.37 (0.09–1.61)

1.57 (0.71–3.49)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event^a

0.75 (0.31–1.8)

0.88 (0.41–1.90)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

0.39 (0.14–1.04)

1.85 (0.80–4.24)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

0.51 (0.16–1.59)

1.65 (0.64–4.22)

Total index^b (n = 630)

 Women vs men

0.65 (0.44–0.95)

1.44 (0.80–2.60)

 < 47 years vs ≥ 47 years

0.73 (0.52–1.01)

0.95 (0.60–1.52)

 Secondary school vs college

0.79 (0.52–1.21)

0.91 (0.50–1.66)

 ≤ 1 year CVD event vs > 1 year CVD event^a

1.28 (0.88–1.84)

0.84 (0.51–1.38)

 Ischemic heart disease vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.86 (1.28–2.70)

0.88 (0.53–1.44)

 Stroke vs cardiac arrhythmia

1.51 (0.97–2.34)

0.44 (0.21–0.92)