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Table 2 Results of beverages consumption (per 250 mL/day increase) and specific cancer (more than 2 studies) risk

From: Association of soft drinks and 100% fruit juice consumption with risk of cancer: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Outcomes

Studies, n

Mean Follow-up, y

RR (95%CI)

Population risk per 1000 persons over 10.8 ya

Risk difference per 1000 person (95%CI)

GRADE certainty of evidence

Summary

SSBs

 Overall cancer

4

13.00

1.07 (0.95 to 1.22)

185

13 (-9 to 41)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and all cancer risk

 Breast cancer

7

8.15

1.17 (1.00 to 1.37)

46

8 (0 to 17)

Moderateb,c

Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption is likely to have small effect on breast cancer risk

 Colorectal cancer

8

15.68

1.10 (1.04 to 1.15)

20

2 (1 to 3)

Moderateb,c

Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption is likely to have small effect on colorectal cancer risk

 Endometrial cancer

2

7.80

1.01 (0.99 to 1.03)

10

0 (0 to 0)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and endometrial cancer risk

 Gastric cancer

2

11,6

1.00 (0.85 to 1.17)

14

0 (-2 to 2)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Gastric cancer risk

 Kidney cancer

3

12.7

1.06 (0.98 to 1.15)

5

0 (0 to 1)

Lowb,c,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and kidney cancer risk

 Leukemia

2

22

1.06 (0.73 to 1.54)

4

0 (-1 to 2)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Leukemia risk

 Multiple myeloma

2

22

1.18 (0.90 to 1.55)

2

0 (0 to 1)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Multiple myeloma risk

 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

3

16

1.07 (0.92 to 1.23)

5

0 (0 to 1)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk

 Pancreatic cancer

7

11.33

1.08 (0.97 to 1.21)

5

0 (-1 to 2)

Lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and pancreatic cancer risk

 Prostate cancer

5

8.57

1.10 (1.00 to 1.22)

38

4 (0 to 8)

Lowb

Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption is likely to have small effect on prostate cancer risk

ASBs

 Overall cancer

2

8.35

0.96 (0.86 to 1.08)

185

-7 (-26 to 15)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and all cancer risk

 Breast cancer

3

8.35

0.95 (0.80 to 1.12)

46

-1 (-2 to 0)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and breast cancer risk

 Colorectal cancer

2

11.6

0.93 (0.78 to 1.10)

20

-2 (-4 to 0)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Colorectal cancer risk

 Multiple myeloma

2

22

1.14 (0.81 to 1.60)

2

0 (0 to 1)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and multiple myeloma risk

 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

3

16

1.00 (0.90 to 1.11)

5

0 (-1 to 1)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk

 pancreatic cancer

3

12.93

1.03 (0.96 to 1.10)

5

0 (0 to 1)

Lowb,c,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and pancreatic cancer risk

 Prostate cancer

2

8.35

0.93 (0.69 to 1.26)

38

-3 (-12 to 10)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Prostate cancer risk

100% Fruit juice

 Overall cancer

2

10.7

1.31 (1.04 to 1.65)

185

57 (7 to 120)

Lowb

Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption is likely to have small effect on all cancer risk

 breast cancer

3

5.1

1.07 (0.96 to 1.18)

46

3 (-2 to 8)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and breast cancer risk

 Colorectal cancer

3

5.1

1.21 (1.00 to 1.47)

20

4 (0 to 9)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Colorectal cancer risk

 endometrial cancer

2

5

1.05 (1.00 to 1.10)

10

1 (0 to 1)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and endometrial cancer risk

 pancreatic cancer

3

11.2

0.91 (0.61 to 1.35)

5

0 (-2 to 2)

Very lowb,c,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and pancreatic cancer risk

 Prostate cancer

3

8.57

1.13 (0.93 to 1.39)

38

5 (-3 to 15)

Very lowb,d

We are uncertain of the effects of Per 250 mL/day increase of SSBs consumption and Prostate cancer risk

  1. SSB sugar-sweetened beverages, ASB artificially sweetened beverages, RR relative risk, GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, CVD cardiovascular disease, SSBs Sugar-sweetened beverages, ASBs Artificially sweetened beverages, HR Hazard ratios
  2. aPopulation risk of cancer incidence comes from Lifetime cumulative risk from GLOBOCAN 2012
  3. bCertainty of evidence starts from low due to observational design
  4. cUpgraded one level as dose–response gradient is present
  5. dDowngraded one level for imprecision as confidence interval around absolute effect includes both small benefit and small harm