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Table 3 Baseline participant characteristics by status of depressive symptoms a

From: Relationship between dietary pattern and depressive symptoms: an international multicohort study

Characteristics

All

Depressive symptoms status

P value b

No

Yes

The TCLSIH

    

No. of participants

7,094

6,105

989

-

Age (years)

38.1 (37.9, 38.3) c

38.0 (37.8, 38.3)

38.4 (37.8, 39.0)

0.21

Sex (male, %)

56.8

57.0

56.0

0.58

BMI (kg/m2)

24.1 (24.0, 24.2)

24.2 (24.1, 24.2)

24.0 (23.8, 24.2)

0.18

TC (mmol/L)

4.60 (4.60, 4.70)

4.60 (4.60, 4.70)

4.60 (4.60, 4.70)

0.41

TG (mmol/L)

1.13 (1.12, 1.15)

1.13 (1.12, 1.15)

1.14 (1.10, 1.18)

0.87

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.64 (2.62, 2.66)

2.64 (2.62, 2.66)

2.64 (2.59, 2.69)

0.96

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.33 (1.32, 1.34)

1.33 (1.32, 1.34)

1.31 (1.29, 1.34)

0.19

FBG (mmol/L)

5.06 (5.04, 5.07)

5.06 (5.04, 5.08)

5.04 (5.00, 5.08)

0.43

SBP (mmHg)

119.5 (119.2, 119.9)

119.5 (119.2, 119.9)

119.3 (118.3, 120.2)

0.60

DBP (mmHg)

75.6 (75.4, 75.9)

75.7 (75.4, 76.0)

75.4 (74.7, 76.1)

0.38

PA (MET × hour/week)

10.8 (10.5, 11.1)

11.0 (10.7, 11.4)

9.80 (9.00, 10.6)

 < 0.01

Total energy intake (kcal/day)

2283.9 (2263.6, 2304.3)

2284.6 (2262.9, 2306.4)

2279.8 (2223.6, 2337.5)

0.88

"Vegetable rich" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.02, 0.02)

0.01 (-0.01, 0.04)

-0.08 (-0.14, -0.02)

 < 0.01

"Sugar rich" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.02, 0.02)

-0.01 (-0.03, 0.02)

0.04 (-0.03, 0.11)

0.20

"Animal foods" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.02, 0.02)

-0.02 (-0.05, 0.00)

0.14 (0.07, 0.21)

 < 0.0001

Smoking status (%)

   

0.01

 Current smoker

17.9

17.3

21.3

 

 Ex-smoker

5.21

5.29

4.70

 

 Non-smoker

76.9

77.4

74.0

 

Drinking status (%)

   

0.52

 Everyday

3.10

2.98

3.80

 

 Sometime

61.3

61.2

61.6

 

 Ex-drinker

8.98

9.06

8.52

 

 Non-drinker

26.7

26.7

26.1

 

Married (%)

85.2

85.2

85.1

0.93

Living alone (%)

7.45

7.28

8.47

0.19

Education level (college or higher, %)

80.9

82.1

73.7

 < 0.0001

Occupation (%)

   

0.48

 Managers

51.8

52.0

50.3

 

 Professionals

18.5

18.5

18.3

 

 Other

29.8

29.5

31.4

 

Visiting friends (%)

55.6

56.4

50.7

 < 0.001

Household income (≥ 10,000 Yuan, %)

46.8

48.4

36.8

 < 0.0001

Individual history of disease (%)

 Hypertension

21.2

21.2

21.2

0.99

 Hyperlipidemia

43.8

43.5

41.0

0.13

 Diabetes

4.75

4.83

4.25

0.42

Family history of disease (%)

 CVD

33.7

33.6

34.4

0.62

 Hypertension

55.8

55.5

57.4

0.28

 Hyperlipidemia

0.49

0.47

0.61

0.47

 Diabetes

29.7

29.5

31.4

0.23

The UK Biobank

 No. of participants

96,810

95,507

1,303

-

 Age (years)

54.8 (54.8, 54.9)

54.8 (54.8, 54.9)

54.4 (54.0, 54.8)

0.03

 Sex (male, %)

44.1

44.2

31.9

 < 0.0001

 BMI (kg/m2)

26.3 (26.2, 26.3)

26.2 (26.2, 26.3)

27.9 (27.6, 28.2)

 < 0.0001

 SBP (mmHg)

132.9 (132.8, 133.0)

132.9 (132.8, 133.1)

131.1 (130.0, 132.3)

 < 0.01

 DBP (mmHg)

79.8 (79.7, 79.9)

79.8 (79.7, 79.9)

79.7 (79.0, 80.3)

0.65

 Townson depretive index

-1.62 (-1.64, -1.60)

-1.63 (-1.64, -1.61)

-1.11 (-1.28, -0.94)

 < 0.0001

 PA (MET × hour/week)

26.0 (25.8, 26.2)

26.1 (25.9, 26.2)

22.0 (20.5, 23.6)

 < 0.0001

 Total energy intake (kcal/day)

2039.2 (2035.8, 2042.5)

2039.6 (2036.2, 2042.9)

2009.8 (1979.9, 2040.1)

0.06

 "Healthy" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)

0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)

0.05 (-0.01, 0.11)

0.13

 "Processed food" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)

0.00 (-0.01, 0.00)

0.10 (0.04, 0.16)

 < 0.001

 "Meet" dietary pattern score

0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)

0.00 (-0.01, 0.01)

-0.04 (-0.10, 0.02)

0.17

Smoking status (%)

   

 < 0.0001

 Current smoker

6.87

6.79

12.2

 

 Ex-smoker

34.6

34.5

37.2

 

 Non-smoker

58.6

58.7

50.6

 

Drinking status (%)

   

 < 0.0001

 Current drinker

94.5

94.6

89.3

 

 Ex-drinker

2.70

2.64

6.68

 

 Non-drinker

2.79

2.77

3.99

 

Living alone (%)

17.6

17.5

23.9

 < 0.0001

Education level (college or higher, %)

47.6

47.7

40.2

 < 0.0001

Visiting friends (≥ once a week, %)

74.9

74.9

76.1

0.34

Individual history of disease (%)

 Hypertension

21.1

21.0

28.1

 < 0.0001

 Diabetes

2.84

2.80

5.53

 < 0.0001

Family history of disease (%)

    

 CVD

54.0

53.9

58.9

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

44.2

44.2

46.2

0.14

 Diabetes

16.9

16.9

18.7

0.07

  1. aContinuous variables are expressed as means (± standard deviation, SD) and categorical variables are expressed as percentages. BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent; PA, physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides
  2. bT test or χ2 test
  3. cGeometric mean (95% confidence interval) (all such values)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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