Skip to main content

Table 4 Adjusted Associations between Morning Stress, Sources of Stress, Depressed mood, and Depressive Symptoms and Meal Behaviors (n = 5642 days on 618 children)

From: Real-time predictors of food parenting practices and child eating behaviors in racially/ethnically diverse families

 

Morning Predictors (range 0–5):

Stress

Sources of Stress

Depressed mood

Depressive Symptoms

Evening Outcomes (yes/no):

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

OR

95% CI

p-value

Pressure-to-eat food parenting

1.16

(1.07—1.25)

< 0.001

1.25

(1.15—1.36)

< 0.001

1.15

(1.05—1.26)

0.003

1.01

(0.89—1.14)

0.890

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.646

  

0.994

  

0.229

  

0.303

Sex

  

0.905

  

0.913

  

0.841

  

0.584

Food Security

  

0.020

  

0.235

  

0.102

  

0.491

Restrictive food parenting

1.13

(1.00—1.27)

0.045

1.22

(1.08—1.39)

0.002

1.18

(1.02—1.36)

0.025

1.21

(1.02—1.42)

0.026

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.256

  

0.547

  

0.191

  

0.014

Sex

  

0.489

  

0.588

  

0.357

  

0.802

Food Security

  

0.037

  

0.033

  

0.053

  

0.089

Instrumental food parenting

1.09

(1.00—1.18)

0.057

1.12

(1.02—1.23)

0.022

1.05

(0.94—1.16)

0.393

1.04

(0.91—1.18)

0.600

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.608

  

0.922

  

0.435

  

0.941

Sex

  

0.034

  

0.296

  

0.223

  

0.100

Food Security

  

0.284

  

0.790

  

0.167

  

0.777

Fast food

0.94

(0.88—1.01)

0.101

0.93

(0.86—1.01)

0.075

0.92

(0.84—1.00)

0.040

1.05

(0.96—1.15)

0.318

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.165

  

0.016

  

0.207

  

0.065

Sex

  

0.050

  

0.040

  

0.094

  

0.007

Food Security

  

0.080

  

0.258

  

0.202

  

0.693

Preprepared meal

1.08

(0.99—1.17)

0.087

1.00

(0.92—1.09)

0.946

1.08

(0.98—1.19)

0.127

0.91

(0.82—1.01)

0.066

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.015

  

0.302

  

0.053

  

0.367

Sex

  

0.016

  

0.030

  

0.210

  

0.891

Food Security

  

0.058

  

0.213

  

0.560

  

0.488

Homemade meal

0.99

(0.93—1.05)

0.713

1.07

(1.00—1.14)

0.053

0.98

(0.91—1.06)

0.674

0.98

(0.90—1.06)

0.593

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.129

  

0.116

  

0.006

  

0.557

Sex

  

0.024

  

0.023

  

0.316

  

0.161

Food Security

  

0.908

  

0.727

  

0.571

  

0.754

Child Food fussiness

1.18

(1.08—1.29)

< 0.001

1.37

(1.24—1.51)

< 0.001

1.12

(1.00—1.25)

0.049

1.14

(0.99—1.33)

0.078

Race/Ethnicity

  

0.299

  

0.708

  

0.107

  

0.018

Sex

  

0.784

  

0.158

  

0.617

  

0.507

Food Security

  

0.313

  

0.423

  

0.368

  

0.261

  1. Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Food fussiness refer to the child’s characteristics/behaviors. Adjusted generalized estimated equation (GEE) models with weights include the following covariates: primary caregiver and child age, sex, and weight status; child race/ethnicity; income; food security status, number of children; weekend observation; follow-up observation; observation after start of Covid-19 school shutdowns. Interpretation example: A 1-unit increase in morning stress was associated with 16% greater odds of pressure-to-eat feeding practices (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.25; p < 0.001) the same evening at dinner, after controlling for covariates. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval. The lower three p-values in each panel are from tests of whether interactions between the predictor and child race/ethnicity, child sex, and food security status were significantly different by subgroup
  2. Bolded values are significant at p < 0.05
Back to article page

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

Contact us