Determinants of physical activity in community-dwelling older adults: an umbrella review

Table 6 Direction and number of pooled effects for determinants and physical activity

Determinant	Barnett 2017 [42]	Cerin 2017 [34]	Van Cauwenberg 2018 [41]	Thilarajah 2021 [37] Stroke survivors	Summary
Direction of relationship (Null, + ES, -ES) and (number of corresponding pooled ES)
Community (COM)
Access to / availability of services / destinations	Null (34) + ES (16)	Null (26) + ES (21)	Null (47) + Cor (7)	-	Null
Aesthetics & cleanliness / order	Null (3) + ES(3)	Null (13) -ES (1)	Null (14) + ES (2)	-	Null
Pedestrian / cycling infrastructure & streetscape	Null (10) + ES (4)	Null (5) + ES (12)	Null (28) + ES (1)	-	Null
Pedestrian / cycling infrastructure & streetscape – reverse relationships	-	Null (4)	Null (2) -ES (1)	-	Null
Residential density / urbanisation	Null (3) + ES (1)	Null (2) + ES (2) -ES(1)	Null (5)	-	Null
Safety & traffic	Null (5) + ES (3)	Null (10) + ES (2)	Null (16) + ES (3) -ES (1)	-	Null
Street connectivity	Null (4)	Null (1) + ES (3)	Null (5)	-	Null
Walkability	+ ES (4)	Null (1) + ES(3)	Null (4) + ES(1)	-	Pos
Intrapersonal (INTRA)
Age	-	-	-	-ES (1)	Neg^c
Balance	-	-	-	+ ES (1)	Pos^c
Cardiorespiratory fitness	-	-	-	+ ES (2)	Pos^c
Cognition	-	-	-	Null^b (1)	Null^c
Fatigue	-	-	-	-ES (1)	Neg^c
Impairment	-	-	-	+ ES (1)	Pos^c
Mobility	-	-	-	+ ES^b (1)	Pos^c
Physical function	-	-	-	+ ES^b (1)	Pos^c
Self-efficacy - falls	-	-	-	-ES^a (1)	Neg^c
Sex	-	-	-	-ES (1)	Neg^c
Stroke impact scale	-	-	-	-ES (1)	Neg^c
Years since stroke	-	-	-	Null^b (1)	Null^c

For pooled analyses, relationships were summarized by providing the number of effect estimates favouring each relationship direction. The summary for each determinant is the direction in which the majority (i.e., 50%) of reviews favoured. A review was said to favour a direction if 60% or more of the pooled effects were the same. For example, Barnett 2017 had 34 null effect estimates and 16 positive effect estimates between PA and access to/availability of services/destinations. Therefore, > 60% favoured null for both Barnett 2017 [42] and Van Cauwenberg 2018 [41], meaning the summary (i.e., majority of reviews) was null. The summary excludes clinical populations living in the community
Abbreviations: Null relationships were not significant, + ES effect estimates were positive, -ES effect estimates were negative, IC inconsistent results
^aincluding results from only self-reported physical activity
^bincluding results from only direct measure physical activity
^csummary based on a single review

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