Community-level group sports participation and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality: a 7-year longitudinal study

Table 2 Results of multilevel survival analyses for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality

	Crude model				Model 1				Model 2
	HR	95% CI		p	HR	95% CI		p	HR	95% CI		p
All-cause mortality
Group sports participation rate*	0.83	0.78	0.88	< 0.001	0.84	0.79	0.90	< 0.001	0.89	0.83	0.95	< 0.001
Participation in group sports†	0.60	0.54	0.65	< 0.001	0.66	0.61	0.72	< 0.001	0.77	0.70	0.84	< 0.001
Cross-level interaction	0.91	0.78	1.06	0.231	0.91	0.78	1.06	0.223	0.92	0.79	1.07	0.267
Cardiovascular mortality
Group sports participation rate*	0.84	0.75	0.95	0.004	0.87	0.77	0.98	0.025	0.94	0.82	1.09	0.425
Participation in group sports†	0.58	0.48	0.69	< 0.001	0.65	0.54	0.78	< 0.001	0.77	0.64	0.93	0.006
Cross-level interaction	0.92	0.67	1.26	0.584	0.91	0.67	1.24	0.565	0.91	0.66	1.24	0.540
Cancer mortality
Group sports participation rate*	0.86	0.79	0.94	0.001	0.86	0.79	0.94	0.001	0.89	0.81	0.98	0.015
Participation in group sports†	0.66	0.58	0.75	< 0.001	0.71	0.63	0.81	< 0.001	0.79	0.70	0.91	0.001
Cross-level interaction	0.90	0.71	1.13	0.371	0.90	0.72	1.14	0.382	0.91	0.72	1.16	0.454

Data comprising 43,088 participants from 311 community areas
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval
*HR for a 10% point increment in group sports participation rate in a community area
†HR for participating in group sports frequently, at least one day per month, vs. participating less frequently than one day per month
Model 1: crude model + age and gender
Model 2: Model 1 + all covariates except daily walking time

ISSN: 1479-5868