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Table 4 Caregiver outcomes: 0–7 month changes in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), Body Mass Index (BMI) and quality of life (QOL), by randomized treatment condition

From: Kids SIPsmartER reduces sugar-sweetened beverages among Appalachian middle-school students and their caregivers: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Variable

Sample size

Kids SIPsmartER

Control

Relative effects between conditionsb

Baselinea

7-montha

Adjusted change

baseline to 7-monthb

Baselinea

7- montha

Adjusted change

baseline to 7-monthb

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Coeff

(95% CI)

p- value

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Coeff

(95% CI)

p- value

Coeff

(95% CI)

p-

value

Effect size

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)

SSB, ounces

n = 220

16.3 (18.0)

8.5 (12.9)

-8.2

(-12.3, -4.1)

< 0.001

17.0 (18.7)

14.6 (18.5)

-1.9

(-4.5, 0.6)

0.137

-6.3

(-11.3, -1.3)

0.014

0.33

SSB, ounces;

baseline consumption > 8oz

n = 128

26.1 (17.4)

11.8 (15.1)

-15.0

(-18.6, -11.5)

< 0.001

28.5 (17.5)

22.1 (20.7)

-5.8

(-7.2, -4.5)

< 0.001

-9.2

(-13.2, -5.2)

< 0.001

0.78

SSB, ounces;

baseline consumption > 12oz

n = 108

29.40 (17.4)

12.9 (16.3)

-17.5

(-20.8, -14.2)

< 0.001

31.4 (17.2)

23.9 (21.4)

-7.1

(-9.1, -5.1)

< 0.001

-10.4

(-14.5, -6.4)

< 0.001

0.98

SSB, ounces;

baseline consumption > 24oz

n = 61

39.5 (17.1)

17.0 (19.7)

-23.7

(-29.7, -17.7)

< 0.001

42.6

(15.3)

32.3 (23.8)

-9.8

(-13.6, -6.1)

< 0.001

-13.9

(-21.5, -6.2)

< 0.001

0.95

Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI )

Weight, pounds continuous

n = 198

196.8

(50.3)

195.4

(49.7)

-1.5

(-2.5, -0.4)

0.006

179.9

(54.6)

181.9

(54.0)

2.1

(0.2, 3.9)

0.033

-3.54

(-5.7, -1.4)

0.001

0.47

BMI, continuous

n = 197

32.0

(7.5)

31.7

(7.4)

-0.3

(-0.6, -0.1)

0.004

29.5

(8.1)

29.8

(8.1)

0.3

(-0.01, 0.6)

0.054

-0.65

(-1.0, -0.3)

0.001

0.47

BMI;

baseline SSB consumption > 8oz

n = 111

32.2

(78)

32.0

(7.6)

-0.2

(-0.7, 0.3)

0.440

29.1

(8.7)

29.5

(8.5)

0.4

(-0.1, 0.9)

0.084

-0.60

(-1.3, 0.1)

0.085

0.32

BMI;

baseline SSB consumption > 12oz

n = 92

32.2

(7.3)

31.9

(6.9)

-0.3

(-0.7, 0.1)

0.176

29.3

(8.2)

29.8

(8.1)

0.5

(-0.02, 0.97)

0.060

-0.75

(-1.4, -0.1)

0.020

0.49

BMI;

baseline SSB consumption > 24oz

n = 51

33.1

(6.0)

32.9

(6.1)

-0.3

(-0.8, 0.2)

0.268

27.2

(6.7)

28.2

(7.1)

0.9

(0.6, 1.2)

< 0.000

-1.23

(-1.8, -0.6)

< 0.001

1.05

Quality of life (QOL)

Number of

unhealthy daysc

n = 202

10.3 (10.2)

10.1 (10.4)

-0.3

(-1.1, 0.6)

0.541

10.0 (10.4)

8.8 (10.3)

-1.7

(-4.3, 0.9)

0.195

1.5

(-1.2, 4.2)

0.290

0.16

Overall health ratingd

n = 212

3.19

(0.9)

3.2

(0.8)

0.04

(-0.0, 0.1)

0.311

3.4

(0.9)

3.3

(0.9)

-0.06

(-0.2, 0.1)

0.406

0.10

(-0.1, 0.3)

0.226

0.18

  1. NOTE, some secondary outcomes (BMI and QOL) have reduced sample size due to missing data and outlier determination ≥ 2 × interquartile range cut-point.
  2. aMeans and Standard Deviations (SD) are not adjusted for covariates.
  3. bModels control baseline covariates including gender and race. The models’ standard errors are adjusted to be school-year cohort cluster robust which is reflected in the 95% confidence intervals and p-values.
  4. cUnit is number of unhealthy days in last 30 days, higher scores indicate worse QOL.
  5. dUnit is 5-point Likert Scale (1–5), higher scores indicate better self-rated health.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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