Bull FC, Gauvin L, Bauman A, Shilton T, Kohl HW, Salmon A: The Toronto charter for physical activity: a global call for action. J Phys Act Health. 2010, 7: 421-422.
Google Scholar
Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M: Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011, 40: 1382-1400. 10.1093/ije/dyr112.
Article
Google Scholar
Woodcock J, Franco OH, Orsini N, Roberts I: Non-vigorous physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011, 40: 121-138. 10.1093/ije/dyq104.
Article
Google Scholar
Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, de Geus B, Krenn P, Reger-Nash B, Kohlberger T: Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011, 21: 496-509. 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hamer M, Chida Y: Walking and primary prevention: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Sports Med. 2008, 42: 238-243. 10.1136/bjsm.2007.039974.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW, Haskell W, Lee IM: Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011, 124: 789-795. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710.
Article
Google Scholar
Ogilvie D, Foster CE, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons CF, Mutrie N: Interventions to promote walking: systematic review. BMJ. 2007, 334: 1204-10.1136/bmj.39198.722720.BE.
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders LE, Green JM, Petticrew MP, Steinbach R, Roberts H: What are the health benefits of active travel? A systematic review of trials and cohort studies. PLoS One. 2013, 8: e69912-10.1371/journal.pone.0069912.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P: The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-analyses. 2012, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON
Google Scholar
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR, Tudor-Locke C, Greer JL, Vezina J, Whitt-Glover MC, Leon AS: Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011, 2011 (43): 1575-1581. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12.
Article
Google Scholar
Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. 2010, World Health Organisation, Geneva
Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG: Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses. In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008:243-296. ., [http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_9/9_analysing_data_and_undertaking_meta_analyses.htm]
Committee PAGA: Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008, 2008: 143-145.
Google Scholar
Hamling J, Lee P, Weitkunat R, Ambuhl M: Facilitating meta-analyses by deriving relative effect and precision estimates for alternative comparisons from a set of estimates presented by exposure level or disease category. Stat Med. 2008, 27: 954-970. 10.1002/sim.3013.
Article
Google Scholar
Bijnen FC, Feskens EJ, Caspersen CJ, Nagelkerke N, Mosterd WL, Kromhout D: Baseline and previous physical activity in relation to mortality in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999, 150: 1289-1296. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009960.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Johnsen NF, Ekblond A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Tjonneland A: Leisure time physical activity and mortality. Epidemiology. 2013, 24: 717-725. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829e3dda.
Article
Google Scholar
Sabia S, Dugravot A, Kivimaki M, Brunner E, Shipley MJ, Singh-Manoux A: Effect of intensity and type of physical activity on mortality: results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Am J Public Health. 2012, 102: 698-704. 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300257.
Article
Google Scholar
Stamatakis E, Hamer M, Lawlor DA: Physical activity, mortality, and cardiovascular disease: is domestic physical activity beneficial? The Scottish Health Survey-1998, and 2003. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 169: 1191-1200. 10.1093/aje/kwp042.
Article
Google Scholar
Schnohr P, Scharling H, Jensen JS: Intensity versus duration of walking, impact on mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007, 14: 72-78. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3280144470.
Article
Google Scholar
Bath PA, Morgan K: Customary physical activity and physical health outcomes in later life. Age Ageing. 1998, 27 (Suppl 3): 29-34. 10.1093/ageing/27.suppl_3.29.
Article
Google Scholar
Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M: Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet. 1998, 351: 1603-1608. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12355-8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Smith TC, Wingard DL, Smith B, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E: Walking decreased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults with diabetes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007, 60: 309-317. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.013.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS: Associations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000, 151: 293-299. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010205.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hakim AA, Petrovitch H, Burchfiel CM, Ross GW, Rodriguez BL, White LR, Yano K, Curb JD, Abbott RD: Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 94-99. 10.1056/NEJM199801083380204.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
LaCroix AZ, Leveille SG, Hecht JA, Grothaus LC, Wagner EH: Does walking decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and death in older adults?. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996, 44: 113-120.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang N, Zhang X, Xiang YB, Li H, Yang G, Gao J, Zheng W, Shu XO: Associations of Tai Chi, walking, and jogging with mortality in Chinese men. Am J Epidemiol. 2013, 178: 791-796. 10.1093/aje/kwt050.
Article
Google Scholar
Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu XO, Li HL, Yang G, Li Q, Gao YT, Zheng W: Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007, 165: 1343-1350. 10.1093/aje/kwm088.
Article
Google Scholar
Nagai M, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, Ohmori-Matsuda K, Sone T, Hozawa A, Kawado M, Hashimoto S, Tsuji I: Impact of walking on life expectancy and lifetime medical expenditure: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. BMJ Open. 2011, 1: e000240-10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000240.
Article
Google Scholar
Sahlqvist S, Goodman A, Simmons RK, Khaw KT, Cavill N, Foster C, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Ogilvie D: The association of cycling with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality: findings from the population-based EPIC-Norfolk cohort. BMJ Open. 2013, 3: e003797-10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003797.
Article
Google Scholar
Andersen LB, Cooper AR: Commuter Cycling and Health. Transport and Health Issues 2011: Studies on Mobility and Transport Research. Volume 3. Edited by: Gronau W, Reiter K, Pressl R. 2011, Verlag MetaGISInfosysteme, Mannheim, Tyskland, 9-19.
Google Scholar
Schnohr P, Marott JL, Jensen JS, Jensen GB: Intensity versus duration of cycling, impact on all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012, 19: 73-80. 10.1177/1741826710393196.
Article
Google Scholar
Besson H, Ekelund U, Brage S, Luben R, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ: Relationship between subdomains of total physical activity and mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40: 1909-1915. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318180bcad.
Article
Google Scholar
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO: All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med. 2000, 160: 1621-1628. 10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D: Addressing Reporting Biases. In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008:297-333.
Kelly P, Doherty A, Mizdrak A, Marshall S, Kerr J, Legge A, Godbole S, Badland H, Oliver M, Foster C: High group level validity but high random error of a self-report travel diary, as assessed by wearable cameras. J Transport Health. 2014, 1: 190-201. 10.1016/j.jth.2014.04.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Inoue M, Iso H, Yamamoto S, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S: Daily total physical activity level and premature death in men and women: results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan (JPHC study). Ann Epidemiol. 2008, 18: 522-530. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.03.008.
Article
Google Scholar
Orsini N, Bellocco R, Greenland S: Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data. Stata J. 2006, 6: 40-57.
Google Scholar
Chau JY, Grunseit AC, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Matthews CE, Bauman AE, van der Ploeg HP: Daily sitting time and All-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013, 8: e80000-10.1371/journal.pone.0080000.
Article
Google Scholar
Rutter H, Cavill N, Racioppi F, Dinsdale H, Oja P, Kahlmeier S: Economic impact of reduced mortality due to increased cycling. Am J Prev Med. 2013, 44: 89-92. 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.053.
Article
Google Scholar
Morris JN, Hardman AE: Walking to health. Sports Med. 1997, 23: 306-332. 10.2165/00007256-199723050-00004.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
de Nazelle A, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Anto JM, Brauer M, Briggs D, Braun-Fahrlander C, Cavill N, Cooper AR, Desqueyroux H, Fruin S, Hoek G, Panis LI, Janssen N, Jerrett M, Joffe M, Andersen ZJ, van Kempen E, Kingham S, Kubesch N, Leyden KM, Marshall JD, Matamala J, Mellios G, Mendez M, Nassif H, Ogilvie D, Peiró R, Pérez K, Rabl A, Ragettli M, et al: Improving health through policies that promote active travel: a review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. Environ Int. 2011, 37: 766-777. 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.003.
Article
Google Scholar
Woodcock J, Givoni M, Morgan AS: Health impact modelling of active travel visions for england and wales using anIntegrated Transport and Health Impact Modelling Tool (ITHIM). PLoS One. 2013, 8: e51462-10.1371/journal.pone.0051462.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kahlmeier S, Racioppi F, Cavill N, Rutter H, Oja P: “Health in all policies” in practice: guidance and tools to quantifying the health effects of cycling and walking. J Phys Act Health. 2010, 7 (Suppl 1): S120-S125.
Google Scholar
Scarborough P, Nnoaham KE, Clarke D, Capewell S, Rayner M: Modelling the impact of a healthy diet on cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2012, 66: 420-426. 10.1136/jech.2010.114520.
Article
Google Scholar