WHO. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 894; 2000. p. 252. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/. Accessed 10 Mar 2016.
Butland B, Jebb S, Kopelman P, McPherson K, Thomas S, Mardell J et al. Foresight, Tackling Obesities: Future Choices, Project Report 2nd Edition, UK Government Office for Science: London; 2007. Available at: http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Obesity/17.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2016.
Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet Lond Engl. 2011;378:804–14.
Article
Google Scholar
Dunton GF, Berrigan D, Ballard-Barbash R, Graubard B, Atienza AA. Joint associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with body mass index: results from a time use survey of US adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33:1427–36.
Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 2003;289:1785–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Omorou AY, Coste J, Escalon H, Vuillemin A. Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the general population in France: cluster analysis with personal and socioeconomic correlates. J Public Health Oxf Engl. 2016;38:483–92.
Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996-2011. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41:207–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Audrain-McGovern J, Benowitz N. Cigarette smoking, nicotine, and body weight. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90:164–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Traversy G, Chaput J-P. Alcohol consumption and obesity: an update. Curr Obes Rep. 2015;4:122–30.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0123579.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Capers PL, Fobian AD, Kaiser KA, Borah R, Allison DB. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the impact of sleep duration on adiposity and components of energy balance. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Stud Obes. 2015;16:771–82.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chaput J-P, Lord C, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Dionne IJ, Khalil A, Tremblay A. Is overweight/obesity associated with short sleep duration in older women? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19:290–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall NS, Glozier N, Grunstein RR. Is sleep duration related to obesity? A critical review of the epidemiological evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12:289–98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Lassale C, Hercberg S, Galan P. Clustering of midlife lifestyle behaviors and subsequent cognitive function: a longitudinal study. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e170–177.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Spring B, Moller AC, Coons MJ. Multiple health behaviours: overview and implications. J Public Health Oxf Engl. 2012;34:i3–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Charreire H, Casey R, Salze P, Kesse-Guyot E, Simon C, Chaix B, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior clusters and their associations with overweight in middle-aged French adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:1293–301.
Rovniak LS, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD, Marshall SJ, Norman GJ, et al. Adults’ physical activity patterns across life domains: cluster analysis with replication. Health Psychol. 2010;29:496–505.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chou K-L. The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in Hong Kong Chinese older adults. J Aging Health. 2008;20:788–803.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Vries H, Kremers S, Smeets T, Reubsaet A. Clustering of diet, physical activity and smoking and a general willingness to change. Psychol Health. 2008;23:265–78.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin-Diener E, Meyer J, Braun J, Tarnutzer S, Faeh D, Rohrmann S, et al. The combined effect on survival of four main behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Prev Med. 2014;65:148–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodríguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125:729–37.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Breiman L, Friedman J, Stone CJ, Olshen RA. Classification and Regression Trees. 1 edition. New-York: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 1984.
Van Hulst A, Roy-Gagnon M-H, Gauvin L, Kestens Y, Henderson M, Barnett TA. Identifying risk profiles for childhood obesity using recursive partitioning based on individual, familial, and neighborhood environment factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:17.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr. 2004;145:20–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King AC, Salvo D, Banda JA, Ahn DK, Gill TM, Miller M, et al. An observational study identifying obese subgroups among older adults at increased risk of mobility disability: do perceptions of the neighborhood environment matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:157.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lakerveld J, Brug J, Bot S, Teixeira PJ, Rutter H, Woodward E, et al. Sustainable prevention of obesity through integrated strategies: The SPOTLIGHT project’s conceptual framework and design. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:793.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lakerveld J, Ben-Rebah M, Mackenbach JD, Compernolle S, Glonti K, Bárdos H, et al. Obesity-related behaviours and BMI in five urban regions across Europe: sampling design and results from the SPOTLIGHT cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008505.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1381–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall AL, Miller YD, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Measuring total and domain-specific sitting: a study of reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1094–102.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Feuillet T, Charreire H, Roda C, Ben-Rebah M, Mackenbach JD, Compernolle S, et al. Neighbourhood typology based on virtual audit of environmental obesogenic characteristics. Obes Rev. 2016;17:19–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Strobl C, Malley J, Tutz G. An introduction to recursive partitioning: rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychol Methods. 2009;14:323–48.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kiernan M, Kraemer HC, Winkleby MA, King AC, Taylor CB. Do logistic regression and signal detection identify different subgroups at risk? Implications for the design of tailored interventions. Psychol Methods. 2001;6:35–48.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Izenman AJ. Modern Multivariate Statistical Techniques: Regression, Classification, and Manifold Learning. Springer. New York: Springer; 2008.
Book
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R : A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2016. Available at: www.R-project.org.
Therneau TM, Atkinson EJ, Foundation M. An Introduction to Recursive Partitioning Using the RPART Routines. 2015.
Google Scholar
Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Mouratidou T, Reisch L, Pigeot I, Ahrens W, Mårild S, et al. Clustering of lifestyle behaviours and relation to body composition in European children. The IDEFICS study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:811–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cameron AJ, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Salmon J, et al. Overweight and obesity in Australia: the 1999-2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Med J Aust. 2003;178:427–32.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hsueh M-C, Liao Y, Chang S-H. Are total and domain-specific sedentary time associated with overweight in older taiwanese adults? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:12697–705.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
King AC, Goldberg JH, Salmon J, Owen N, Dunstan D, Weber D, et al. Identifying subgroups of U.S. adults at risk for prolonged television viewing to inform program development. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38:17–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ekelund U, Brage S, Besson H, Sharp S, Wareham NJ. Time spent being sedentary and weight gain in healthy adults: reverse or bidirectional causality? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:612–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bowman SA. Television-viewing characteristics of adults: correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3:A38.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Basterra-Gortari FJ, Forga L, Bes-Rastrollo M, Toledo E, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA. Effect of smoking on body weight: longitudinal analysis of the SUN cohort. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63:20–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen Y, Horne SL, Dosman JA. The influence of smoking cessation on body weight may be temporary. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1330–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, Kleinman JC, Giovino GA, Byers T. Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:739–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Veldheer S, Yingst J, Zhu J, Foulds J. Ten-year weight gain in smokers who quit, smokers who continued smoking and never smokers in the United States, NHANES 2003-2012. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:1727–32.
Aubin H-J, Rollema H, Svensson TH, Winterer G. Smoking, quitting, and psychiatric disease: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:271–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Courtemanche C, Tchernis R, Ukert B. The Effect of Smoking on Obesity: Evidence from a Randomized Trial. NBER Working papers No. 21937. 2016. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Swan GE, Carmelli D. Characteristics associated with excessive weight gain after smoking cessation in men. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:73–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel SR, Blackwell T, Redline S, Ancoli-Israel S, Cauley JA, Hillier TA, et al. The association between sleep duration and obesity in older adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1825–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obes. 2008;16:643–53. Silver Spring Md.
Article
Google Scholar
Magee L, Hale L. Longitudinal associations between sleep duration and subsequent weight gain: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:231–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lakerveld J, Mackenbach JD, Horvath E, Rutters F, Compernolle S, Bárdos H, et al. The relation between sleep duration and sedentary behaviours in European adults. Obes Rev. 2016;17:62–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Basner M, Fomberstein KM, Razavi FM, Banks S, William JH, Rosa RR, et al. American time use survey: sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. Sleep. 2007;30:1085–95.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chastin SFM, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Dontje ML, Skelton DA. Combined effects of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers: a novel compositional data analysis approach. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0139984.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Geneva; 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2016.
Oppert J-M, Thomas F, Charles M-A, Benetos A, Basdevant A, Simon C. Leisure-time and occupational physical activity in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and eating habits in French adults. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9:746–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health J Natl Sleep Found. 2015;1:40–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Kanter R, Caballero B. Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr. 2012;3:491–8.
Pampel FC, Krueger PM, Denney JT. Socioeconomic disparities in health behaviors. Annu Rev Sociol. 2010;36:349–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Compernolle S, Oppert J-M, Mackenbach JD, Lakerveld J, Charreire H, Glonti K, et al. Mediating role of energy-balance related behaviors in the association of neighborhood socio-economic status and residential area density with BMI: The SPOTLIGHT study. Prev Med. 2016;86:84–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Drewnowski A, Rehm CD, Arterburn D. The geographic distribution of obesity by census tract among 59 767 insured adults in King County, WA. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38:833–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Qin L, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Motorized transportation, social status, and adiposity: the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:1–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boström G, Diderichsen F. Socioeconomic differentials in misclassification of height, weight and body mass index based on questionnaire data. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:860–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rzewnicki R, Vanden Auweele Y, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Addressing overreporting on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) telephone survey with a population sample. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6:299–305.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shephard RJ. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:197–206.
Winckers ANE, Mackenbach JD, Compernolle S, Nicolaou M, van der Ploeg HP, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Educational differences in the validity of self-reported physical activity. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1299.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
BeLue R, Francis LA, Rollins B, Colaco B. One size does not fit all: identifying risk profiles for overweight in adolescent population subsets. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(5):517–24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar