Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Bmj. 2016;354:i3857.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, de Geus B, Krenn P, Reger-Nash B, et al. Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(4):496–509.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fishman E, Böcker L, Helbich M. Adult active transport in the Netherlands: an analysis of its contribution to physical activity requirements. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0121871.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Götschi T, Orsini N, Richards J, Roberts N, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(1):132.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rasmussen MG, Grøntved A, Blond K, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Jensen MK, et al. Associations between recreational and commuter cycling, changes in cycling, and type 2 diabetes risk: a cohort study of Danish men and women. PLoS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002076.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Blond K, Jensen MK, Rasmussen MG, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Østergaard L, et al. Prospective study of bicycling and risk of coronary heart disease in Danish men and women. Circulation. 2016;134(18):1409–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G. Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks? Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(8):1109–16.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tainio M, de Nazelle AJ, Götschi T, Kahlmeier S, Rojas-Rueda D, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking? Prev Med. 2016;87:233–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pucher J, Buehler R. Making cycling irresistible: lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Transp Rev. 2008;28(4):495–528.
Article
Google Scholar
Garrard J, Rose G, Lo SK. Promoting transportation cycling for women: The role of bicycle infrastructure. Prev Med. 2008;46(1):55–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dill J. Bicycling for transportation and health: The role of infrastructure. J Public Health Policy. 2009;30(1):S95–S110.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craig P, Cooper C, Gunnell D, Haw S, Lawson K, Macintyre S, et al. Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions: new Medical Research Council guidance. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(12):1182–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craig P, Katikireddi SV, Leyland A, Popham F. Natural experiments: an overview of methods, approaches, and contributions to public health intervention research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2017;38(1):39–56.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnighausen T, Tugwell P, Rottingen JA, Shemilt I, Rockers P, Geldsetzer P, et al. Quasi-experimental study designs series - paper 4: uses and value. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;89:21–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stappers NEH, Van Kann DHH, Ettema D, De Vries NK, Kremers SPJ. The effect of infrastructural changes in the built environment on physical activity, active transportation and sedentary behavior – a systematic review. Health & Place. 2018;53:135–49.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Panter J, Guell C, Humphreys D, Ogilvie D. Can changing the physical environment promote walking and cycling? A systematic review of what works and how. Health Place. 2019;58:102161.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goodman A, Panter J, Sharp SJ, Ogilvie D. Effectiveness and equity impacts of town-wide cycling initiatives in England: a longitudinal, controlled natural experimental study. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:228–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ogilvie D, Fayter D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, Thomas S, Whitehead M, et al. The harvest plot: a method for synthesising evidence about the differential effects of interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8(1):8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Briss PA, Zaza S, Pappaioanou M, Fielding J, Wright-De Agüero L, Truman BI, et al. Developing an evidence-based guide to community preventive services—methods. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(1, Supplement 1):35–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas H. Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Toronto: Effective Public Health Practice Project McMaster University; 2003.
Google Scholar
O'Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, Petticrew M, Pottie K, Clarke M, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(1):56–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aittasalo M, Tiilikainen J, Tokola K, Suni J, Sievänen H, Vähä-Ypyä H, et al. Socio-ecological natural experiment with randomized controlled trial to promote active commuting to work: process evaluation, behavioral impacts, and changes in the use and quality of walking and cycling paths. Int J Environ res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1661.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aldred R, Croft J, Goodman A. Impacts of an active travel intervention with a cycling focus in a suburban context: one-year findings from an evaluation of London's in-progress mini-Hollands programme. Transportation Res Part a-Policy Pract. 2019;123:147–69.
Article
Google Scholar
Brown BB, Smith KR, Tharp D, Werner CM, Tribby CP, Miller HJ, et al. A complete street intervention for walking to transit, nontransit walking, and bicycling: a quasi-experimental demonstration of increased use. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1210–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brown BB, Tharp D, Tribby CP, Smith KR, Miller HJ, Werner CM. Changes in bicycling over time associated with a new bike lane: relations with kilocalories energy expenditure and body mass index. J Transp Health. 2016;3(3):357–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burbidge SK, Goulias KG. Evaluating the impact of Neighborhood Trail development on active travel behavior and overall physical activity of suburban residents. Transp Res Rec. 2009;2135:78–86.
Article
Google Scholar
Chowdhury S, Costello SB. An examination of cyclists' and non-cyclists' mode choice under a new cycle network. Road Transp Res. 2016;25(4):50–61.
Google Scholar
Crane M, Rissel C, Standen C, Ellison A, Ellison R, Wen LM, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of travel and health outcomes in relation to new bicycle infrastructure, Sydney, Australia. J Transp Health. 2017;6:386–95.
Article
Google Scholar
Deegan B. Cycling infrastructure in London. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability. 2016;169(3):92–100.
Google Scholar
Dill J, McNeil N, Broach J, Ma L. Bicycle boulevards and changes in physical activity and active transportation: findings from a natural experiment. Prev Med. 2014;69(S):S74–S8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evenson KR, Herring AH, Huston SL. Evaluating change in physical activity with the building of a multi-use trail. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(2 Suppl 2):177–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman A, Sahlqvist S, Ogilvie D. iConnect C. new walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect study. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(9):e38–46.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Song Y, Preston J, Ogilvie D, iConnect c. New walking and cycling infrastructure and modal shift in the UK: a quasi-experimental panel study. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. 2017;95:320–33.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hirsch JA, Meyer KA, Peterson M, Le Z, Rodriguez DA, Gordon-Larsen P. Municipal investment in off-road trails and changes in bicycle commuting in Minneapolis, Minnesota over 10 years: a longitudinal repeated cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14:1–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Krizek KJ, Barnes G, Thompson K. Analyzing the effect of bicycle facilities on commute mode share over time. J Urban Plann Dev. 2009;135(2):66–73.
Article
Google Scholar
Lanzendorf M, Busch-Geertsema A. The cycling boom in large German cities-empirical evidence for successful cycling campaigns. Transp Policy. 2014;36:26–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Merom D, Bauman A, Vita P, Close G. An environmental intervention to promote walking and cycling - The impact of a newly constructed Rail Trail in Western Sydney. Prev Med. 2003;36(2):235–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Panter J, Heinen E, Mackett R, Ogilvie D. Impact of new transport infrastructure on walking, cycling, and physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(2):45–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Pedroso FE, Angriman F, Bellows AL, Taylor K. Bicycle use and cyclist safety following Boston's bicycle infrastructure expansion, 2009-2012. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(12):2171–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith A, Zucker S, Lladó-Farrulla M, Friedman J, Guidry C, McGrew P, et al. Bicycle lanes: are we running in circles or cycling in the right direction? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87(1):76–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilmink A, Hartman JB. Evaluation of the Delft bicycle network plan. Final Summary Report. The Netherlands: Ministry of Transport and Public Works; 1987.
Google Scholar
Barnes E, Schlossberg M. Improving cyclist and pedestrian environment while maintaining vehicle throughput before- and after-construction analysis. Transp Res Rec. 2013;2393:85–94.
Article
Google Scholar
Fitzhugh EC, Bassett DR Jr, Evans MF. Urban trails and physical activity: a natural experiment. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(3):259–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodno M, McNeil N, Parks J, Dock S. Evaluation of innovative bicycle facilities in Washington, DC Pennsylvania avenue median lanes and 15th street cycle track. Transp Res Rec. 2013;2387:139–48.
Article
Google Scholar
Hans SP, Bredahl JJ, Elizabeth VS, Nielsen TAS, Simon R. Effects of upgrading to cycle highways - an analysis of demand induction, use patterns and satisfaction before and after. J Transp Geogr. 2017;64:203–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Heesch KC, James B, Washington TL, Zuniga K, Burke M. Evaluation of the Veloway 1: a natural experiment of new bicycle infrastructure in Brisbane, Australia. J Transp Health. 2016;3(3):366–76.
Article
Google Scholar
Law S, Sakr FL, Martinez M. Measuring the changes in aggregate cycling patterns between 2003 and 2012 from a space syntax perspective. Behav Sci (Basel). 2014;4(3):278–300.
Article
Google Scholar
Marqués R, Hernández-Herrador V. On the effect of networks of cycle-tracks on the risk of cycling. The case of Seville. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;102:181–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCartney G, Whyte B, Livingston M, Crawford F. Building a bridge, transport infrastructure and population characteristics: explaining active travel into Glasgow. Transp Policy. 2012;21:119–25.
Article
Google Scholar
Nguyen PN, Koh PP, Wong YD. Impacts of bicycle infrastructure: a case study in Singapore. Proc Inst Civil Eng-Munic Eng. 2015;168(3):186–98.
Google Scholar
Parker KM, Gustat J, Rice JC. Installation of bicycle lanes and increased ridership in an urban, mixed-income setting in New Orleans, Louisiana. J Phys Act Health. 2011;8(Suppl 1):S98–S102.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Parker KM, Rice J, Gustat J, Ruley J, Spriggs A, Johnson C. Effect of bike lane infrastructure improvements on ridership in one New Orleans neighborhood. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45:S101–S7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mayne SL, Auchincloss AH, Michael YL. Impact of policy and built environment changes on obesity-related outcomes: a systematic review of naturally occurring experiments. Obes Rev. 2015;16(5):362–75.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yang L, Sahlqvist S, McMinn A, Griffin SJ, Ogilvie D. Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review. Bmj. 2010;341:c5293.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495–9.
Article
Google Scholar